"One's destination is never a place, but rather a new way of looking at things." (Henry Miller) (Entry 30, Day 13)

6/6/13

H. Bingham - history professor
   - looking for last refuge of Incas
Inkas built 100,000 km of trails
July 24, 1911 (scientific discovery)
Called it Machu Picchu - "Old Mountain" (after the mountain nearby)
Don't know the actual name of city
Wayna Picchu - "Young Mountain" (lookout place)

Machu Picchu - important for Jungle Conquering

   - close to river - natural defense

~ 1,000 people living there?

Built bottom up

wall - urban/ farming

water - soul purification, not irrigation

16 fountains

respect environment, adapt to existing environment

Sun + water together as much as possible

Under sun temple - earth

Sun + water + earth

astronomy - temple of sun

summer - December; winter - June

aligned windows for solstice

3 levels of world - gods (condor), humans (puma), mummy/ dead (serpent

graffiti

sacrificed animals and humans - women (fertility)

Andean priests - knew of solstices, etc

   - had own house

   - two floors

chose the most different girl in society (not necessarily prettiest)

   - drugs - purify

   - stone to head, cut stomach, put muña

   - buried in fetal position

walls built with incline for strength

coca - has a lot of nutrients

passionfruit - seeds = number of thorns in Christ's crown

Wiñawayna - "forever young"

Andean Cross - solstice

   - 3 levels - worlds

   - hole - one empire

Audio conducting in houses - very good

Certain girls could only go out in public in certain situations?

Happy mountain! - Machu Picchu surrounded by impot mountain

Pachacutaq - Inka who built Machu Picchu - 9th Inka

Inkas - 300 years total (small --> big)  12-15th centuries - earlier, were a mix; came from Bolivia + PUno, looking for farmland, found sacred valley.  REALLY ANDEAN SOCIETY.  16-18 century - colonial.  18th century - now - republic.

Llama bones found by sacred rock

Poo (llama, guinea pig, human) - fertilizer + fire.  Used Jungle Toilet.

Andeans - short (5'0" ish?)

Juanita - frozen mummy - found near Arequipa

Condor - messenger god

mountains - holy

"I'm more interested in what I discover than what I invent." (Paul Simon) (Entry 19, Day 8)

Inca Museum (6/1)

• Andean hunter-gatherers - 16,000 years
• carvings - 1500 BC
• 100 BC - pre-Inca - navigated Pacific - Modica culture
• lots of representative pottery
• clay pottery + buildings
• Chankay - 800 AD
• Manto Paracas - 900 BC
• Chimu - 1100 AD
• Conquered by Incas - ~ 1460
• 400 BC - Pukara - near Titicaca
• Tia wanako - 500 AD - Titicaca
• Bred camelids
• Expanded to Chile, Argentina, BOlivia
• Succeeded by Wari
• Qollado - 850 AD - Puno

dying (like of fabric):

- bichio (bug) + vinegar = dark purple

- bichio + ammonia = rose

- bichio + achimete = red

- bichio + lemon/ citric acid = orange

- fermented Anil = indigo

- flor (flower) = yellow

- hoja (leaf) = green

- black walnut (fruit + leaves) = brown

----------

Andes - more than 100 cultivated plants

Puna - highlands of the highlands

   - 13000 - 15700 feet above sea

   - dehydrated crops

   - livestock - important

5000 BC - llama + alpaca herders, grain farmers (corn, quinua (pronounced KEEN-wa), quañia (no idea how to pronounce that), tarwi), tuberous (potatoes, oqa, lisas, mashwa, hizaños)

Tureneni - archaeological site - pre-ceramic period (5000 BC).  Cave paintings!

Markavalle - first settlement in Cuzco reigon. 1000 BC.
   - family basis of social organization
Killkil - 800 AD - Cuzco
Chanapata - 800 BC - Cuzco

----------

CUZCO AREA PEOPLE/ GROUPS

PRECERAMIC (5000 BC - 1500 BC)
Chumbivilcas
Yauri
Virginniyoq
Torreni
Manto
Chanchis
Chawaytiri
Qorqa
Wayllabambas

FORMATIVE
Markavalle - 1000 BC
Chanapata - 800 BC

STATES AND (desarrollos) REGIONAL
Qotakalli - 600 AD
*Wari Invasion 750 AD*
Killki - 800 AD
Lucre - 1100 AD

INCA STATE
Classical period - 1200 AD
expansion - 1400 AD (the time that everyone hears about)
Colonial - 1536 AD (when the Spanish came)

Mythological origins - Manco Capac + Mama Occlo, children of the sun, sent to establish kingdoms because sun pitied humans
   - "Qechua" = "Place of Origin"
Llamas expanded the empire!
Historical origin - invasion of the Chanka nation to NW Cuzco
   - Inka Yupanqui Pacakuti - first historic Inca.  Fought Chankas out of Cuzco?
Machu Picchu - aka Piqcho, built as a royal palace for Inca Yupanqui - Pachacuti - during his reign (1438-71)
Diego Rodriquiez de Figueroa - first foreigner to pass through - 6 May 1565
Incas of 16-1700s - anticolonial art

"My favorite thing is to go where I have never gone." (Diane Arbus) (Entry 16, Day 6)

Inca Museum (Hiram Bingham/ Machu Picchu) (Hiram Bingham was the guy who made the scientific discovery of Machu Picchu, and several other sites along the Inca Trail. He was also the guy who named the place Machu Picchu, and also named the other sites based on Quechua names (the language, still spoken by Andean people today), since the original names of the sites were lost)

• Incas looked to Milky Way as Cosmic River
• Sun God - Inti - rulers - descendants
• forecasted seasons, ceremonies, etc
• observatories
• Torreon - solar observatory for summer solstice
• Intimachay - solar observatory for winter solstice - marked new year/ celebration of masculine adulthood
• also watched moon - represented queen, Coya
• Pleiades - harvest
• saw pictures in the 'dark clusters,' gaps in sky, interpreted

----------

• Machu Picchu itself
• country palace/ retreat - royal
• Carried loads on head
• flattened heads as babies
• metallurgy
• animal life - llama family - meat, material, etc - took tools from pelvic bone of llama
• didn't work hard - those skeletons were caretakers
• made metal stuff there
• diet 65% maize

----------

• spinning tools found - drop spindle - all did it - cotton + bone
• cotton, alpaca, etc
• fault - how they got water
• canal - northern spring
• manchungas - bones - weaving